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Coagulation and Flocculation

Some impurities in water are exceptionally fine, such that if they were to be left to settle under gravity the tank would need to be unfeasibly large. Bringing them together to form larger particles that would settle more readily can often be difficult, as they carry electrical charges that need to be overcome. This process can also be made difficult if the amount of solids to be removed is low. Coagulation/Flocculation is the process of creating the correct conditions so these particulates can be brought together to form flocs of solids in coagulated water. These flocs will readily settle and produce good quality treated water.

Process

Although often referred to simply as “flocculation”, coagulation and flocculation are two distinct, successive processes. In coagulation, or flash mix, incoming water is flash mixed with a coagulant. This neutralizes the charges between particles, creating coagulated water that is ready for flocculation.

The coagulated water is then mixed gently in the presence of a flocculant, causing flocs of the formerly dissolved particles to precipitate on the surface of the water. Flocs are then removed in subsequent flotation, sedimentation and filtering processes, ensuring that effluent is completely free of precipitate.

This process can often be enhanced, especially in water containing low solids loads, by the recirculation of sludge from subsequent sedimentation although care must be taken to ensure this sludge is not broken up in the transfer process.